萘对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）内脏团抗氧化防御系统的胁迫与生物响应

经急性毒性实验,得到萘对成体斑马鱼96　h的半数致死浓度（LC₅₀）为11.8 mg·L^-1.在此基础上,设置5个浓度梯度：0、 1/6 LC₅₀、 1/4 LC₅₀、 1/3 LC₅₀、 1/2 LC₅₀,研究了在不同的暴露时间下（0.5、 1、 2、 4、 、 14d）,萘对斑马鱼抗氧化防御系统的影响.结果表明,还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione, GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase, GPx）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（glutathione S-transferase, GST）对萘非常敏感,在暴露0.5　d时就受到抑制或诱导.0.5　d后GPx活性整体上被诱导,只在第14　d时高浓度组（1/3 LC₅₀和1/2 LC₅₀浓度组）GPx活性被抑制;GST和GSH则总体上是低于对照的.超氧化物岐化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）活性在2d后呈现先诱导后抑制;过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性在1　d后整体上受抑制.萘对斑马鱼内脏团抗氧化防御系统能产生影响,其变化可作为生物标志物,来评价暴露于多环芳烃有机污染的鱼类的生物学效应.     

食物源nC_(60)损害斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺正常机能

水体中稳定存在的富勒烯纳米晶体(nC_(60))可被浮游动物滤食,并通过食物链传递到更高营养级生物。为探究食物源nC_(60)的生物效应,本试验选取携带nC_(60)的大型溞喂养斑马鱼21 d,考察了食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺4个器官中ROS、Na~+K~+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性等指标,用以评价食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼的机能影响。暴露于食物源nC_(60)下的结果表明:斑马鱼脑ROS随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后增加了79.17%。鳃、肾Na~+K~+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后分别降低了47.09%和51.07%;鳃、肾Ca2+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而减少,暴露21 d后分别降低了28.28%和35.13%。鳃、肾、肝胰腺AKP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加45.97%、26.68%和83.01%;鳃、肾、肝胰腺ACP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加38.85%、84.12%和55.77%。肝胰腺GPT和GOT活性随时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后各降低了50.05%和76.50%。本研究不但阐述了食物源nC_(60)降低高一级水生动物(斑马鱼)脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺的正常机能,而且为进一步研究食物源nC_(60)对水生生物的生态毒理提供了部分基础数据。     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

硫氰酸钠对斑马鱼毒性的评价

为了研究植物性饲料代谢产生的中间产物硫氰酸钠(NaSCN)对水生生物的毒性效应,首先将斑马鱼(Brachy danio rerio)暴露于NaSCN的8个浓度组中进行96 h-LC50急性毒性试验,测得其半致死浓度(96 h-LC50)为403 mg·L-1.再以安全浓度(1/10LC50.)为基准,等对数设置3个质量...     

垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的毒性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在室内模拟条件下,以斑马鱼（Daniorerio）为受试动物,探讨生活垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的急性毒性及对其鱼鳃、肝脏中的过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSI-I）及Na＋,K＋-ATP酶等3种酶的影响。结果表明,垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的96hLC50为13．2％。垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼的急性毒性相对较高,斑马鱼对垃圾渗滤液毒性的敏感性强。慢性毒性测试结果显示,垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼肝脏中SOD活性和GSH质量分数的诱导作用明显,对Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性影响并不明显;垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼鱼鳃中SOD活性影响显著（P〈0．05）。除Na＋,K＋-ATP酶外,斑马鱼的抗氧化防御相关生物标志物对渗滤液染毒胁迫具有相对较高的敏感性,SOD和GSH均可用作垃圾渗滤液慢性胁迫的有效生物标志物。     

1H-NMR-based metabolomic study on toxicity of methomyl and methidathion in fish

A ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was applied to detect the toxicity of antiacetylcholinesterase insecticides, methomyl (methyl (1E)-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate) and methidathion (3-(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl sulfanylmethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one), using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese bleak (Aphyocypris chinensis). Generally, methomyl and methidathion have been believed not to highly accumulate in fish tissues. However, these pesticides showed their toxicity by altering patterns of whole-body metabolites in neurotransmitter balance, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and muscle maintenance in low concentrations. We used Pearson correlation analysis to contextualize the metabolic markers in pesticide treated groups. We observed that the positive correlations of choline with acetate and betaine in untreated control were shifted to null correlations showing acetylcholinesterase specific toxicity. This research demonstrated the applicability and potential of NMR metabolomics in detecting toxic effects of insecticide with a modicum of concentrations in aquatic environment.     

纳米二氧化硅和铅复合暴露对 斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺内分泌系统的毒性影响

纳米颗粒(NPs)因其广泛的应用而备受关注。NPs会改变重金属(如Pb)在生物体内的富集和毒性作用。因此，研究选择国际公认的模式动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象，开展纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO₂)对Pb在鱼体内的积累和甲状腺内分泌系统干扰的研究。受精2 h后的斑马鱼胚胎，单独暴露于环境相关浓度的Pb(如0, 5, 10和20 μg/L)或与无效应浓度nano-SiO₂(如25 μg/L)复合暴露至144 h。结果表明：和nano-SiO₂复合暴露后，斑马鱼幼鱼体内Pb的含量显著高于同浓度下Pb单独暴露(P<0.05)。此外，Pb或nano-SiO₂单独暴露都不会显著改变斑马鱼幼鱼体内甲状腺激素(T4和T3)的含量(P>0.05)；但当两者复合暴露后，斑马鱼幼鱼体内T4和T3含量显著低于对照组或同浓度下Pb单独暴露组 (P<0.01和P<0.05)。在Pb单独或与nano-SiO₂复合暴露下，tshβ基因的表达都显著上调，但ttr和tg基因的表达都显著下调，并且复合暴露造成基因表达水平的改变较同浓度下Pb单独暴露相比更明显(P<0.05)。上述结果指出，nano-SiO₂会增加Pb在生物体内的富集，从而对斑马鱼幼鱼的甲状腺内分泌系统造成更严重的影响。     

CdSe/ZnS量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

本研究以模式生物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为对象,观察在不同浓度Cd Se/Zn S量子点(Cd Se/Zn S QDs)暴露下,斑马鱼胚胎形态发育、氧化应激以及金属硫蛋白MT基因和应激蛋白Hsp70基因表达变化情况.结果表明,Cd Se/Zn S QDs对斑马鱼胚胎72 hpf(hours post fertilization)的半致畸效应浓度(EC50)为316.994 nmol·L-1.QDs暴露影响了斑马鱼胚胎的死亡率、畸形率、孵化率、自主运动频率和体长,以及引起胚胎卵凝集,心包囊肿,脊椎弯曲等多种毒性效应;同时导致斑马鱼体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化以及丙二醛(MDA)含量增加.QDs还诱导斑马鱼MT基因和Hsp70基因表达上调,斑马鱼机体产生一系列自我保护反应来减轻QDs所造成的伤害.这表明:Cd Se/Zn S QDs对斑马鱼胚胎产生了毒性效应,其毒性可能与其核心Cd2+的释放、粒径大小以及氧化应激有关.     

杉木粉对两种赤潮藻去除的试验研究

利用船基围隔试验,探讨了杉木粉对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)两种赤潮藻的去除效果.并以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和卤虫无节幼体(Artemia sinica)为材料,对杉木粉及其有效成分杉木精油的毒性进行了测试.结果显示,杉木粉用量为76.9 mg/L时具有显著去除米氏凯伦藻的作用;浓度为38.4mg/L时可显著去除东海原甲藻.杉木粉对斑马鱼的24 h、48 h半致死浓度分别为2.8 g/L、2.4 g/L,安全浓度为0.6 g/L.利用杉木粉控制赤潮有一定的应用前景.     

水溶性CdTe量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

本试验以巯基乙酸 (TGA)作为稳定剂合成水溶性CdTe量子点,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,观测0、1、25、50、100、200、300、400 nmol/L各浓度的水溶性CdTe量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响．记录胚胎发育过程中具有代表性的毒理学终点(自主运动频率、内心率、体长)．结果表明：在胚胎受精后120小时（hours post fertilization）CdTe量子点半数致死浓度（LC50）为185.9 nmol/L．CdTe量子点对斑马鱼胚胎24hpf时1min自主运动频率、48hpf时10s内心率、体长都存在剂量-效应关系．TGA-CdTe能引起斑马鱼胚胎发生各种中毒症状,如心包囊肿、卵黄囊肿、脊柱弯曲、体节减少、心率减慢、黑色素沉积少等异常现象．